Beneficial Ownership
The natural person who ultimately owns or controls a legal entity or asset, even when nominal ownership is held through shell companies, trusts, or nominees.
Insider
A person with access to material non-public information about a company, including directors, officers, and large shareholders.
ISIN
A 12-character alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies securities in international markets, standardizing cross-border trading.
Market Manipulation
Intentional distortion of a security's price or volume through deceptive practices such as spoofing or pump-and-dump schemes.
MNPI
Significant, undisclosed company information that would affect the stock price if made public.
MiFID II
The EU's Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II, governing investment services, transparency, and investor protection across European markets.
Prospectus
A formal document filed with the SEC that provides details about an investment offering to potential investors.